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Home
INTRODUCTION
ACCOUNT TYPES
FUNDAMENTALS
PORTS
USERS AND GROUPS
PERMISSIONS
FILE SYSTEMS
SECURITY
SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
NETWORKING
VIRTUALIZATION
SCRIPTING & AUTOMATION
TROUBLESHOOTING
CAREER-FOCUSED TOPICS
DEVELOPMENT & TOOLS
EXAM SPECIFICS
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  • Home
  • INTRODUCTION
  • ACCOUNT TYPES
  • FUNDAMENTALS
  • PORTS
  • USERS AND GROUPS
  • PERMISSIONS
  • FILE SYSTEMS
  • SECURITY
  • SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
  • NETWORKING
  • VIRTUALIZATION
  • SCRIPTING & AUTOMATION
  • TROUBLESHOOTING
  • CAREER-FOCUSED TOPICS
  • DEVELOPMENT & TOOLS
  • EXAM SPECIFICS
  • Home
  • INTRODUCTION
  • ACCOUNT TYPES
  • FUNDAMENTALS
  • PORTS
  • USERS AND GROUPS
  • PERMISSIONS
  • FILE SYSTEMS
  • SECURITY
  • SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
  • NETWORKING
  • VIRTUALIZATION
  • SCRIPTING & AUTOMATION
  • TROUBLESHOOTING
  • CAREER-FOCUSED TOPICS
  • DEVELOPMENT & TOOLS
  • EXAM SPECIFICS

storage

File Systems

 

file system is like an organizational structure for your data on a computer. It defines how data is stored, accessed, and managed. 


Imagine it as a filing cabinet where each drawer represents a directory, and each file inside the drawer contains specific information. The file system ensures that your computer can organize, retrieve, and maintain your data in an orderly manner.

 

Partitions

 A partition refers to a logical division or section of a physical storage device, such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD). Partitions are used to organize and separate data on a storage device. Each partition acts as an independent storage unit with its own file system, allowing different types of data to be stored separately. 


Think of a partition as a separate section or compartment within your storage device.

It's like dividing your storage space into different areas, each with its own purpose.

Logical Volumes

 

logical volumes, part of the logical volume management system, offer more flexibility and dynamic management of storage compared to traditional partitions. LVM allows administrators to allocate and resize storage space on-the-fly, making it a powerful tool for managing storage in Linux systems.


 

Volume Groups (VG):

  • Think of Volume Groups as a collection or pool of physical storage devices (like hard drives).
  • These devices are grouped together to form a Volume Group.

Logical Volumes (LV):

  • Logical Volumes are like virtual partitions created within a Volume Group.
  • They are flexible storage units that can be resized easily.

 

 In simpler terms, imagine you have a pool of storage devices (Volume Group), and you can create flexible, resizable storage spaces within that pool (Logical Volumes). You can adjust these spaces easily, like rearranging furniture in a room. 

storage devices

Hard Disk Drivers

 A hard disk drive (HDD) in the context of Linux is a type of storage device used to store and retrieve data in a Linux-based system. HDDs are one of the traditional and widely used storage technologies. Here are key points about hard disk drives in Linux: 

Solid-State Devices

A Solid-State Drive (SSD) in Linux is like a high-speed, durable storage solution that uses advanced flash memory technology. It provides faster data access, improved system performance, and reliability compared to traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). Linux supports the use of SSDs, and the same partitioning and file system concepts apply when setting up and managing data on SSD storage devices.

 

USB Thumb Drives

 A USB thumb drive, also known as a USB flash drive or simply a flash drive, is a portable storage device that uses NAND flash memory to store data. It connects to a computer's USB port and is widely used for transferring, storing, and backing up data.  

External Storage Drivers

 In Linux, external storage drives typically refer to removable storage devices that can be connected to a computer externally. These drives include various types of storage media, such as USB flash drives, external hard disk drives (HDDs), and solid-state drives (SSDs), among others. 

Linux devices 2 types

Block Devices

Character Devices

Character Devices

 

Block Devices:


  • What they do: Think of block devices as storage containers. They store data in fixed-size blocks.
  • How they work: You can read or write data at specific blocks, like reading or writing information in a book by turning to a specific page.
  • Examples: Hard drives, USB drives - basically devices that store a bunch of data in organized blocks.

Character Devices

Character Devices

Character Devices

 

Character Devices:


  • What they do: Character devices work with data character by character, like reading a sentence one letter at a time.
  • How they work: They deal with a continuous stream of data. Imagine typing on a keyboard - each keypress is a character sent in a sequence.
  • Examples: Keyboards, mice, and things that work with data more like a continuous flow.

file systems

FAT (File Allocation Table)

EXT2 (Second Extended File System)

EXT2 (Second Extended File System)

 The FAT file system is a way of organizing and managing files on storage devices. 


It uses a table to keep track of groups of sectors called clusters. FAT is known for being simple and compatible with different operating systems. 


However, it has limits on maximum file and volume sizes. Modern file systems like NTFS and exFAT are now more popular because they support larger files and come with additional features. 

EXT2 (Second Extended File System)

EXT2 (Second Extended File System)

EXT2 (Second Extended File System)

 the EXT2 file system is a durable and efficient file system primarily used in Linux environments. While it lacks journaling by default 


 No Journaling (by default): One notable characteristic of EXT2 is that it doesn't have built-in journaling, which means it might take longer to recover in case of an unexpected system shutdown or crash compared to file systems with journaling. 

EXT3 (Third Extended File System)

EXT2 (Second Extended File System)

EXT4 (Fourth Extended File System)

EXT3 is a journaled file system that enhances data integrity and recovery after system failures. It became a popular choice in Linux environments, offering a balance between performance and reliability.


 EXT3: Uses a block-based storage model, where file data is stored in individual blocks. 

 

EXT3: Lacks native support for online defragmentation, requiring offline tools for defragmentation. 

EXT4 (Fourth Extended File System)

EXT4 (Fourth Extended File System)

EXT4 (Fourth Extended File System)

 EXT4 is a modern and feature-rich file system designed to improve performance, support larger files and volumes, and provide enhanced features for Linux and Unix-like systems. It has become a standard choice for many Linux installations. 


EXT4: Introduces an extent-based storage model, which records contiguous blocks of data in a more efficient manner. This helps reduce fragmentation and improves performance.


EXT4: Supports online defragmentation, allowing users to defragment files on a live file system without the need to unmount it. This feature helps maintain optimal performance over time. 

XFS

EXT4 (Fourth Extended File System)

BTRFS (B-tree File System)

 XFS is often preferred for large-scale and high-performance applications, particularly those involving large amounts of data and large storage volumes. It provides scalability, efficient handling of metadata, and supports extremely large file and volume sizes. 


The choice between XFS and EXT3/EXT4 depends on the specific requirements of the system and the nature of the workload it is expected to handle. 


XFS: XFS supports extremely large file sizes and volumes. It is designed to scale to very large storage configurations, making it suitable for enterprise-level applications. 


 XFS: Known for its scalability and high-performance characteristics, XFS is designed to handle large amounts of data and large storage volumes efficiently. 

BTRFS (B-tree File System)

EXT4 (Fourth Extended File System)

BTRFS (B-tree File System)

 Btrfs introduces features like Copy-on-Write, integrated RAID, snapshots, and built-in volume management. It is designed to be a flexible and feature-rich file system suitable for modern storage needs. 


The choice between Btrfs and other file systems depends on the specific requirements and use cases of the system in question. 


Btrfs: Btrfs employs a Copy-on-Write mechanism, where data is not overwritten in place. Instead, changes are written to new locations, providing benefits for snapshots and data integrity. 


 Btrfs: Btrfs includes built-in support for RAID and volume management. It can manage multiple devices and provides features like RAID 0, 1, 5, 6, and 10 without the need for external tools. 

network protocol

Network Protocols

Ensuring data over the network. Network protocols for some of these 

File Systems. 


 * NFS (Network File System) 


 * SMB/CIFS (Server Message Block / Common Internet File System) 


These network protocols play a crucial role in enabling collaboration and file sharing across diverse systems within a networked environment. They provide the necessary communication standards for accessing and managing files over the network. 

Discover the Power of Linux Intel's Security Measures in Our Gallery

Server Message Block (SMB)


 Server Message Block (SMB) is like a language that computers use to talk to each other on a network, especially in Windows environments.  


  in simple terms, SMB is the language computers use to share and talk about files on a network, making it easier for them to work together. hat

Common Internet File System (CIFS)


 CIFS stands for Common Internet File System. It is a network file-sharing protocol that allows systems to share files and resources over a network. 

CIFS is often used in conjunction with the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. This protocol is commonly used for accessing files and resources on a local area network (LAN) or over the internet. CIFS/SMB enables fil

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Network File System (NFS)


 NFS stands for Network File System. Similar to CIFS, NFS is a network protocol that allows a system to access files over a network. However, there are some key differences between CIFS and NFS: 

 

  • CIFS is primarily associated with Microsoft Windows systems and has its roots in the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol.
  • NFS, on the other hand, originated in the UNIX and Linux e


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